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新修五星法及圖說

Preface:

1640年,日本政府成立了宗教裁判所處理基督教問題,要根除基督徒...日本教會幾乎被趕盡殺絕,但仍有小部份人存活了下來。

日本受西方的影響,特別是荷蘭,比中國還早期。翻譯工作亦較中國早 。

The first observatory was situated in the castle of Tokugawa 江戶 in Edo period 伊豆時代(1725). 中根元圭 Nakane Genki was the first director. Tokugawa Yoshimune 

氣海觀瀾廣義

相信是 Jérôme Lalande - Abrégé d'astronomie" 的荷蘭語版 "Astronomia of Sterrekunde" (1773-1780)

的日本譯本

新修五星法及圖說(高橋至時)(寬政九年1797):


...金水圈甚小,不惟不能包日天,併不能包地,故不能衝日



很可能是“衝”第一次以Kanji漢字出現。

估計李善蘭曾讀過此書,同樣把opposition 譯成為“衝”,在“談天”(1859)中出現。

真貝壽明 的“麻田剛立 開卜勒惑星運動第三法則”也有講及西方天文學對日本的滲透。

Conjunction, opposition, greatest elongation 的概念,自從 Copernicus 的 De revolutionibus orbium coelestium日心說之後,很多天文學家亦有舉例談及,如 PS Laplace 的 Mecanique Celeste 

Why so late?

Political action to limit foreign communication

Language barrier

Difficulty to comprehend the ideology and science

Confucianism, or 易經思想 ,“易有太極,是生兩儀,兩儀生四象...” 解釋萬物,四季物侯?

Reference:

Jérôme Lalande - Abrégé d'astronomie 跟 J Herschel Outlines of Astronomy 是 Copernican , Keplerian 時代的天文書籍, 有很多相同內容

阿文開講

NAOJ 

Tokugawa period 

地動說在日本的傳播

John Keill

太陽窮理了解說 

Orientation of science in Japan 

中根元圭 Nakane Genkei

Taito city in late Edo period 

Rekishō Shinsho 暦象新書

YouTube 

HKAS 衝,沖,冲多年討論 :

從做字

天文名詞錯誤寫法

掩星組Facebook 

日心論的供獻,影響等,又何止這些特別天文現象用詞,重點是勿錯過這些最佳觀測時機。

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