From David Schomer : A condensed list of additional features and capabilities critical to an espresso grinder includes: a) Retention of less than 1 gram (g) of chambered ground coffee b) Grinding output speed of no more than 2g per second. c) Propulsion of powder into the portafilter with no clumping or micro-particle drift d) Cessation of grinding upon achieving an exact dose by gram weight (+/- 0.1g) e) Temperature Control: The powder must remain between 32°C to 35°C. outcome: controlled Flow Rate. for espresso, too-fast shot that reaches full volume in less than 25 seconds will have a flavor profile dominated by sour/astringent notes. Too slow, extracting 25ml in 33 sec, and the flavor might be hollow, sour, or bitter. ( yield extraction) What features are key in maintaining an ideal flow rate of the shot? Stepless grind setting adjustments Dosing by weight Low retentio...