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從時間制度 看百刻環的變化

 計時由疏至密

一日有十二個時辰, 自古至今都是這樣嗎?

古代計時

漢代刻漏分昼漏与夜漏,共一百刻(一刻等于14.4分)。《说文解字》水部:“漏,以铜受水,刻节,昼夜百刻。


~清朝開始, 日晷刻度採用十二時辰, 每時辰分為初,正

渾儀的百刻環:

簡單細分: 用24分, 即十二時辰分初正



天文公園中的明代仿元渾儀:每時辰分4段時間(一,二,三,四),每段分為36 小刻。所以此仿制品並非“一天百刻”, 是否錯體?
百刻環,又稱天常赤道圈,是固定環,是六合儀其中一環。即圖中下方的外環。


細分: 一百刻: 每半個時辰分為 4 大刻1小 刻, 一大刻有6小刻. 即每時辰50小刻(144?)。



簡儀把每時辰分4段時間(一,二,三,四),每段改為36分. 即每時辰144小刻。下圖簡儀外環為百刻環

元代授時曆的步氣數閏的法數,是 一日百刻(滴漏)

百刻環的功能就象一赤道式日晷,方便記錄觀測時間。

時間的單位,細分理應按當年/朝代的時間制度,跟天體測量去極度,入宿度精度無關。

渾儀的六合儀中"天常赤道圈"fixed equatorial circle亦稱為百刻環



簡儀:

注意: 渾儀外部的六合儀,赤道環ecliptic 已採用一周天分為百刻。並不是郭守敬首先采用

郭守敬采用了十进制与百进 制的结合。将仪器上的1度,划刻做10格,再测度到半格。读数时将1度作100分、1格作10分;半格做5分, 为读数的最小单位。(是否受伊斯蘭天文知識傳入所影響?)

1刻是14分24秒(14.4分)

郭守敬还在百刻环上刻有12个时辰,百刻中每刻又细分36分(一刻為現今14分24秒)即一日共3600分,则1分相当于现在的24秒钟。现存明仿元制的简仪上就是这样刻的,元代的观测资料也表明了1度分为100分,两者是符合的。

但据当时人的记载,曾有人说郭守敬“新仪皆细刻周天度数,每度(刻)分为三十六分”。

也就是说郭守敬把环上的刻度划分得很精细,前人(日晷?)每格最小(小格)为1/12度(刻),而郭守敬使每格(小格) 达到了1/36度(刻),两者相比较,简仪的读数精度就比浑仪 (日晷?宋渾儀?)提高了3倍。

Mynotes:

每一刻分為三大格一小格,每大格再10等分,每小格再6等分,總計每一刻有36等分,百刻環上總共就有3600等分。

Janss kr

新元史 ctext

Zjim 刻漏誤差若十多分鐘,用日晷校正。

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