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蘇頌訪遼記

 


宋纪·宋纪七十二

己丑,遣蘇頌等賀遼生辰。頌至遼,遇冬至,其國歷後宋歷一日。北人問:「孰為是?」頌曰:「歷家算術小異,遲速不同, 如亥時節氣交,猶是今夕,若逾數刻,則屬子時,為明日矣 ...

熙寧十年(公元1077年),北宋派使者團出使遼朝,祝賀其皇帝生辰。使團到達遼國時,正值冬至。按宋、遼外交禮儀規定,冬至日雙方要互相致賀。但問題來了,


按兩國曆法來算,冬至日不在同一天:宋朝早於遼朝一天。


當北宋使者在冬至日那天向遼人問候時,遼人拒不接受,理由是按遼朝的曆法,冬至日還沒到,第二天才是!


緊接着,此事便引發了一場爭論:「宋遼二歷,何為先進?」一不小心,這場宋、遼的外交糾紛,就有可能演變成一次雙方的擦槍走火。不過,幸而宋使中有蘇頌。

蘇頌一回國,皇帝馬上就問他:「二歷竟孰是?」——你說實話,曆法到底是咱先進還是他們契丹先進?這次,


蘇頌得實話實說了:「確實他們老遼先進!」


這話怎麼說?先來看看北宋的曆法使用情況。宋朝初年,曆法沿襲了後周王朴所制的《欽天曆》,一直到熙寧八年(公元1075年)開始使用《奉元歷》,


這百餘年間,北宋共使用了七種曆法,平均十多年就換一次,頻繁的更換從側面正說明了曆法的不精。


而據史書記載,這部《奉元歷》頒行的第二年就有「正月月食,遽不效」的情況,可見其不太精準,蘇頌肯定心知肚明。


反觀契丹的曆法,從遼太宗時開始使用後晉馬重績的《調元歷》,中間經過部分修補後,一直到遼聖宗統和十二年(公元994年)使用新曆《大明曆》

 

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