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渾天說

张衡(78-135年)关于浑天说的文献有两个,分别是《浑天仪注》和《灵宪》,他在《晉書.天文志》《浑天仪注》中说“天如鸡子,地如鸡中黄,孤居于天内,天大而地小,天表里有水

 解釋:

天地之體,狀如鳥卵,天包地外,猶殼之果黃也;周旋無端,其形渾渾然,故曰渾天也」

……周天三百六十五度四分度之一,又中分之,则半复地上,半绕地下,故二十八宿半见半隐,天转如车毂之运也。”在其他一些文献中,还记载张衡还有关于两极和赤道的描述。关于黄赤交角和二至点的北极距,张衡说“黄道斜带其(天)腹,出赤道表里各二十四度。故夏至去极六十七度而强,冬至去极百一十五度亦强也”“各分赤道黄道为二十四气,一气相去十五度十六分之七”



而在《
靈憲》中有“天体于阳,顾圆以动。地体于阴,故平以静……自地至天,半于八极,地之深亦如此……其(指日月)径当天周七百三十分之一(中式赤道座標),地广二百三十二分之一”

中國古代有所謂蓋天、渾天及宣夜之說,惟自東漢以後,渾天最為重要,與西方古希
臘以地為球體,可謂各有千秋。蓋天說與渾天說之源,說者不一。《北齊書.信都芳傳》:「渾天覆觀,以《靈憲》為文;蓋天仰觀,以《周髀》為法。」以蓋天出於《周髀算經》,渾天出於《靈憲》,是最通行的說法。

今人江曉原、鈕衛星《中國天學史》認為,渾天說不一定等於「地圓」,「大地是否為球形尚在不明確狀況中」,故明代科學家如宋應星、王夫之、張雍敬等,都不承認地是圓的,即不承認「地球」。

明末科學家不承認地球,或出於反對西學的矯激心態,但古代渾天說有以地為球體(或橢圓) 之意,是相當明顯的。否則,「雞中黃」,「鳥卵」是甚麼模樣?•江曉原及鈕衛星否定渾天與地圓相同,為說,認為中國人視天地之距離(地球自身之尺度)太近,無法與希臘的球面天文學相比,但此一點與以地為球體(或橢圓) 沒有直接關係。(參江曉原、鈕衛星:《歐洲天文學東漸發微》[上海:上海書店出版社,2009年],頁99-100。)


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