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陸羽茶經 五之煮茶


 

 五、煮茶的方法
烤餅茶,注意不要在通風的餘火上烤,因為飄忽不定的火苗像鑽子,使茶受熱不均勻。烤餅茶時要靠近火,不停地翻動,等到烤出突起的像蝦蟆背上的小疙
瘩,然後離火五寸。當捲曲的茶餅又伸展開,再按先前的辦法又烤。如果制茶時是用火烘乾的,以烤到冒熱氣為度;如果是用太陽曬乾的,以烤到柔軟為好。
 

開始,對於很柔嫩的茶葉,蒸後乘熱搗杵,葉搗爛了,而茶梗還是完整的。如果只用蠻力,拿很重的杵杆也搗不爛它。這就如同圓滑的漆樹子粒,雖然輕而
小,但壯士反而捍不住它是一個道理。搗好後,好像一條梗子也沒有了。這時來烤,柔軟得像嬰兒的手臂。烤好了,趁熱用紙袋裝起來,使它的香氣不致散發,等冷
了再碾成末。
 

烤餅茶的火,最好用木炭,其次用火力強的柴(如桑、槐之類)。曾經烤過肉,染上了腥膻油膩氣味的炭,或是有油煙的柴以及朽壞的木器,都不能用。古人說:"用朽壞的木製器具燒煮食物,會有怪味",確實如此。


煮茶的水,用山水最好,其次是江河的水,井水最差。山水,最好選取乳泉、石池漫流的水(這種水流動不急),奔涌湍急的水不要飲用,長喝這種水會使人
頸部生病。幾處溪流匯合,停蓄於山谷的水,水雖澄清,但不流動。從熱天到霜降前,也許有龍潛伏其中,水質污染有毒,要喝時應先挖開缺口,把污穢有毒的水放
走,使新的泉水涓涓流來,然後飲用。江河的水,到離人遠的地方去取,井水要從有很多人汲水的井中汲取。


水煮沸了,有像魚目的小泡,有輕微的響聲,稱作"一沸"。鍋的邊緣有泡連珠般的往上冒,稱作"二沸"。水波翻騰,稱作"三沸"。再繼續煮,水老了,味不好,就不宜飲用了。


開始佛騰時,按照水量放適當的鹽調味,把嘗剩下的那點水潑掉。切莫因無味而過分加鹽,否則,不就成了特別喜歡這種鹽味了嗎!第二沸時,舀出一瓢水,
再用竹夾在沸水中轉圈攪動,用"則"量茶末沿旋渦中心倒下。過一會,水大開,波濤翻滾,水沫飛濺,就把剛才舀出的水摻入,使水不再沸騰,以保養水面生成
的"華 "。

喝時,舀到碗裏,讓"沫餑"均勻。"沫餑"就是茶湯的"華"。薄的叫"沫",厚的叫"餑",細輕的叫"花"。"花"的外貌,很像棗花在圓形的池塘上浮動,
又像迴環曲折的潭水、綠洲間新生的浮萍,又像晴朗天空中的鱗狀浮雲。那"沫",好似青苔浮在水邊,又如菊花落入杯中。那"餑",煮茶的渣滓時,水一沸騰,
面上便堆起很厚一層白色沫子,白白的像積雪一般。《荈賦》中講的"明亮像積雪,光彩如春花",真是這樣。


第一次煮開的水,把沫上一層像黑雲母樣的膜狀物去掉,它的味道不好。此後,從鍋里舀出的第一道水,味美味長,謂之"雋永",通常貯放在"熟盂"里,
以作育華止沸之用。以下第一、第二、第三碗,味道略差些。第四、第五碗之外,要不是渴得太厲害,就值不得喝了。一般燒水一升,分作五碗,趁熱接著喝完。因
為重濁不清的物質凝聚在下面,精華浮在上面,如果茶一冷,精華就隨熱氣跑光了。要是喝得太多,也同樣不好。


茶的性質"儉",水不宜多放,多了,它的味道就淡薄。就像一滿碗茶,喝了一半,味道就覺得差些了,何況水加多了呢!茶湯的顏色淺黃,香氣四溢。味道甜的是"荈",不甜的而苦的是"檟";入口時有苦味,咽下去又有餘甘的是"茶"。

 

kknewshttps://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/33816733。

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