中國金屬冶煉技術的演進

春秋中期公元前七世紀：

山西天马曲村的晋文化遗址中发现３件铁器，这三件铁器经过金相学研究，两件残铁片，金相组织均显示的是铸铁的过共晶白口铁，是迄今为止中国最早的铸铁器，铁条则显示的是块炼铁。

後周（953年）河北滄州鐵獅子

新疆鐵器新疆拜城（清代至民初）

rapid expansion eastward of Karasuk culture metallic forms, circa 1400–1000 BCE.Given the multifarious affinities in bronze metallurgy, this zone of allied traditions can be expanded to include Xinjiang, northwestern China and far eastern Tibet.

冶煉技術：

風鼓：

《礼记》说：“良冶之子，必学为裘。”

商周以来，都用皮囊鼓风，子继父业，年轻工匠必须学会缝制皮囊的技巧。说明早期冶铸匠师高度重视鼓风器具的制做。

水排：

到了东汉时期，南阳太守杜诗(31AD)发明了水排（水力鼓风机），这种机器以水力传动机械，使皮制的鼓风囊连续开合，将空气送入冶铁炉，铸造农具，用力少而见效好。

生鐵crucible iron, pig iron 1150-1300 c

鏤車 - 農耕用具

水排的发明使冶铁成本大大降低，铁制品也迅速走进了平民生活。在青铜时代，金属器具对平民百姓是可望而不可即的，而冶铁技术的不断革新使普通的平民也都能用得起金属农具。相比于石器，金属农具可以对田地进行更有效的耕作，从而提高亩产量。

鄭州古滎冶鐵遺址生鐵

問題：鐵礦位置？山西？距離460km!!

能源：煤，碳礦？

水排的水源？

運輸，物流？

Reprocessing site?

唐宋：

秦公一號大墓鐵鍤,鐵鏟

鋼

镔鐵 (烏茲鋼 wootz steel) 南北朝由印度傳入. High carbon crucible steel 坩埚鋼

炒鋼

15世紀技術被葡萄牙人超越

Krupp 克勞伯

Reference:

Csteelnews 百煉鋼

163 上 , 下

Earliest use if iron in China

Archi

Kknews 探原

fantian4128

鑌鐵（罽賓） csteelnews

戰國時代金相分析 ,魏氏鐵素體。快速冷却成馬氏體

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