Who invented the telescope?

Romans made vessels by glass blowing starting 1st century AD

1185 first spectacles appeared

Two Italians are usually quoted as first one to make spectacles -Alexandro della Spina, a Dominican monk of Pisa, and his friend Salvino d'Armati of Florence. Spina died in 1313 and that Armati's tombstone bears the frequently quoted inscription:

Here lies Salvino degli Armato of the Armati of Florence. Inventor of Spectacles. God pardon his sins. A.D.1317.

The Venetian industry exported its mirrors to royalty and private bourgeois clients across Europe in the late 1500's and 1600's

galerie de glaces. Hall of mirrors in Palace of Versailles were constructed under the order of Louis XIV 1678-1684

a brass-decorated telescope ( magnifying glass?) was among objects bequeathed by a Spaniard, Don Pedro de Carolona, to his widow in Barcelona in 1593. Nick Pelling(controversial)

1608 Dutch optician Hans Lippershey attempted to patent the first telescope

Ippolito Francini, Galileo lens maker, make the first lens grinding and polishing machines

1612 Johannes Kepler designed the Keplerian telescope, convex objective and concave eyepiece, inverted image

1630 Jesuit Christoph Scheiner also made telescope according to Keplerian , and observed sunspots

1655 Dutch Christiaan Huygens built according to design of Kepler, discovered Titan, satellite of Saturn

Torricelli, Divini and Campani

1660 telescope competition in Rome , Divini vs Campani

1663 James Gregory designed the first gregorian reflector telescope

Zucchi and his works

1668 Isaac Newton made first Newtonian telescope

telescopic discoveries of Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), 1609, observed moon craters

circa 1665 Giuseppe Campini made 113 cm objective for Paris Observatory

and objective lens making video

1720 John Hadley made a reflector with parabolic mirror

Achromatic telescope

John Dollond 1750

Chester Moor Hall 1729

Albert Van Helden, in 1977 said: The telescope was not invented ex-nihilo

full of national and regional pride in behind of "who..."

the path of telescope making:

discovery, design, theory,publish and patent, making and improving, observing, scaling up, mass production

list of astronomical instrument makers

Rolf Willach long route

History of telescope Henry King

江苏邗江甘泉二号汉墓广陵王刘荆墓金圈嵌水晶石放大镜(東漢), 但應用呢?

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