北京古觀象臺

清代朝廷接受了汤若望的建议，改用欧洲天文学的方法计算历书；后康熙授命南怀仁设计和监造了6架新的天文仪器(1673)：赤道經緯儀、黃道經緯儀、地平經儀、象限儀、紀限儀和天球儀。

They were duplicates of Tycho's Uraniborg instruments copied from the Mechanica

Ferdinand Verbiest obligingly provided a detailed set of 117 engravings and text, which included the main processes of workshop manufacture.

康熙五十四年（1715）纪理安设计制造了地平經緯儀，乾隆九年（1744年），乾隆又下令按照中国传统的浑仪再造一架新的仪器，命名为璣衡撫辰儀

赤道經緯儀, 或渾天儀 Equatorial Armilla
觀測天體的赤經赤緯
真太陽時

黃道經緯儀 Ecliptic Armilla, or zodiacal sphere

觀測天體的黃經黃緯
節氣. 有鉛垂線定垂直

象限儀Quadrant
觀測天體的地平高度

地平經儀 Alzimuthal horizon
觀測天體的地平經度

紀限儀 Sextans trigonicus

觀測兩顆行星(恆星?)之間的夾角，精度可達六角秒(transverse scale)

地平經緯儀 Azimuth theodolite, or quadrant

觀測天體的地平經度和緯度

璣衡撫辰儀 JiHeng Armillary Sphere, or equinoctal sphere
改進的渾儀
觀測天體的赤經赤緯

天球儀 Celestial globe

玲瓏儀

簡儀, equatorial torquetum

康熙憑此引入西方科學(science)，制造科技(technology)，照理可為古中國可帶來一次科技革命。似乎集中在軍事火炮上的制造。

361 介紹斜線刻度 transverse scale

南懷仁新制靈臺儀象誌 ctext

明清儀器的歐化 1’ (arcmin)刻的指線

Nmns 第谷儀器介紹

du李可以

Tycho brahe instruments Allan Chapman

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