喔㕭文化（越南語：Văn hoá Óc Eo）是1世紀至7世紀的扶南王國時期分佈於越南南部的高棉文化，由法蘭西人考古學Louis Malleret 所發現。喔㕭（越南語：Óc Eo，高棉語：អូរកែវ O'keo ，意為「寶石河」）是古扶南國的繁華的港口，其遺址位於越南安江省南部湄公河三角洲地區的瑞山縣。
Oc Eo, sometimes spelled Oc-Eo or Oc-èo, was a large and thriving port city located in the Mekong Delta on the Gulf of Siam in what is today Vietnam. Established in the first century CE, Oc Eo was a critical node on the international trade system between Malay and China.
The Romans knew of Oc Eo ( golden peninsula, Chersonesus Aurea?), and the geographer Claudius Ptolemy included it on his world map in 150 CE as the Kattigara Emporium( Captial of three rivers), Hac Thanh. TBC
Funan Culture 扶南
Oc Eo was part of the Funan culture, or Funan empire, a pre-Angkor society based on international trade and sophisticated agriculture built on an extensive network of canals. Trade goods flowing through Oc Eo came from Rome, India, and China.
Timeline of the Vietnam War
Surviving historical records about Funan 扶南 and Oc Eo includes the Funan culture's own records written in Sanskrit and those of a pair of 3rd century Wu Dynasty(吳國)孫權 Chinese visitors. Kang Dai (K'ang T'ai) 康泰 and Zhu Ying (Chu Ying) 朱應 visited Funan about 245–250 AD, and in the Wou li ("Annals of the Wu Kingdom") 吳越春秋 can be found their report. They described Funan as a sophisticated country of people living in houses raised on stilts and ruled by a king in a walled palace, who controlled trade and managed a successful taxation system.
Origin Myth
According to a myth reported in Funan and Angkor archives in several different versions, Funan was formed after a female ruler named Liu-ye 柳葉 led a raid against a visiting merchant ship. The attack was beaten off by the ship's travelers, one of whom as a man named Kaundinya 混填, from a country "beyond the sea." Kaundinya is thought to have been a Brahman from India, and he married the local ruler and together, the two forged a new trading empire.
Scholars say that at the time of its founding, the Mekong Delta had several settlements, each of which was independently run by a local chief. Oc Eo's excavator, French archaeologist Louis Malleret, reported that in the early first century CE, the Funan coast was occupied by Malay fishing and hunting groups. Those groups were already building their own ships, and they would come to form a new international route focused on the Kra Isthmus. That route would enable them to control the transmission of Indian and Chinese goods back and forth across the region.
Funan culture researchers debate how much the establishment of the Funan trade empire was indigenous to the Kra Isthmus or the Indian emigres, but there is no doubt that both elements were important.
Importance of the Port of Oc Eo
While Oc Eo was never a capital city it served as the primary vital economic engine for the rulers. Between the 2nd and 7th century CE, Oc Eo was the stopover on the trade route between Malaya and China. It was a key manufacturing center for the southeast Asian market, trading in metals, pearls, and perfumes, as well as the cherished Indo-Pacific bead market.
Agrarian success followed the establishment of trade, in order to create a surplus of rice for visiting sailors and merchants. Revenues from Oc Eo in the form of user fees for the port's facilities made their way to the royal treasury, and much of that was spent to upgrade the city and build the extensive canal system, making the land more fit for cultivation.
The End of Oc Eo
Oc Eo thrived for three centuries, but between 480 and 520 CE, there is documented inner conflict accompanying the establishment of an Indic religion. Most damaging, in the 6th century, the Chinese were in control of the maritime trade routes and they shifted that trade away from the Kra peninsula to the Malacca Straits, bypassing the Mekong. Within a short time, the Funan culture lost its main source of economic stability.
Funan continued for a while, but the Khmers 高棉 overran Oc-Eo in the late sixth or early 7th century, and the Angkor civilization was established in the region shortly thereafter.
康泰《吳時外國傳》，朱應《扶南異物志》
boundaries and beyond, Ng Chin-Keong, p11
占婆 Champa
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