春分中星圖

四仲：春分，夏至，秋分，冬至

中国古代长期在晨昏时分进行恒星观测，《尚书·尧典》中记载的“四仲中星”可算最早记录的中星观测。之后《吕氏春秋》、《礼记·月令》等都有中星观测记录。《后汉书·律历志》更是记载了二十四节气的昏旦中星记录。

李淳风所著《晋书·天文志上》记载：夫天之昼夜以日出没为分，人之昼夜以昏明为限。日未出二刻半而明，日入二刻半而昏，故损夜五刻以益昼，是以春秋分漏昼五十五刻。

给出了“昏、旦”的时刻定义，分别是日落后二刻半和日出前二刻半。古代的一刻并非现代的一刻（15分钟）而是“一日百刻制”，那么一刻就等于14.4分钟，二刻半恰好是36分钟，这与现代天文学定义的民用晨昏蒙影（日出日落前后30分钟）近似。在古代的肉眼观测时代，民用晨昏蒙影也是可以满足观测要求的。传统《二十四节气中星图》一般为半圆形盖图，自下顺时针为不同时刻的中星。

襄汾陶寺春分觀日

中國國家天文

陶寺如何觀測

儀器：璇璣玉衡

《尚書舜典》曰：「在璇璣玉衡，以齊七政。」

物理學家李政道在《藝術和科學》一文中認為,被現代人視為古代裝飾品的玉璧、玉琮、璇璣等,原型是三種零件,組合起來就是一種天文觀測儀器.(見《科技日報》1996年11月3日第2版)

石磯？凹？定？？？？大而轉，長管行到內微孔定？極？大石塊外？與地承

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