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春分中星圖

 四仲:春分,夏至,秋分,冬至


中国古代长期在晨昏时分进行恒星观测,《尚书·尧典》中记载的“四仲中星”可算最早记录的中星观测。之后《吕氏春秋》、《礼记·月令》等都有中星观测记录。《后汉书·律历志》更是记载了二十四节气的昏旦中星记录。

李淳风所著《晋书·天文志上》记载:夫天之昼夜以日出没为分,人之昼夜以昏明为限。日未出二刻半而明,日入二刻半而昏,故损夜五刻以益昼,是以春秋分漏昼五十五刻。

给出了“昏、旦”的时刻定义,分别是日落后二刻半和日出前二刻半。古代的一刻并非现代的一刻(15分钟)而是“一日百刻制”,那么一刻就等于14.4分钟,二刻半恰好是36分钟,这与现代天文学定义的民用晨昏蒙影(日出日落前后30分钟)近似。在古代的肉眼观测时代,民用晨昏蒙影也是可以满足观测要求的。传统《二十四节气中星图》一般为半圆形盖图,自下顺时针为不同时刻的中星。

襄汾陶寺春分觀日

中國國家天文

陶寺 如何觀測

儀器:璇璣玉衡

《尚書舜典》曰:「在璇璣玉衡,以齊七政。」


物理學家李政道在《藝術和科學》一文中認為,被現代人視為古代裝飾品的玉璧、玉琮、璇璣等,原型是三種零件,組合起來就是一種天文觀測儀器.(見《科技日報》1996年11月3日第2版)


石磯?凹?定????大而轉,長管行到內微孔定?極?大石塊外?與地承

假設微?則足

Cf polarscope

日星定時儀



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