扎馬魯丁 Jamal ad din bukari ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﺟ
Several Chinese astronomers worked at the Maragha observatory, founded by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in 1259 under the patronage of Hulagu Khan 旭烈兀 in Persia. One of these Chinese astronomers was Fu Mengchi, or Fu Mezhai(傅穆斋或者傅蛮子,本名叫傅岩卿,道教或傳真教術士).
忽必烈繼位後,札馬魯丁任職於司天台,主持制定《萬年曆》。在1263年任命拂菻 人(今敘利亞,Sack of Baghdad)愛薛 Isa,專管西域星曆、醫藥;1267年(至元四年),他依據伊斯蘭教曆法撰著《萬年曆》Zij,由忽必烈頒行天下,在元代一直為人民所採用。同年,他在元大都(今北京)設觀象台
据李约瑟考证,札马鲁丁可能是札马鲁丁·伊本·穆罕默德·纳贾里,他表示不愿负责修建伊儿汗国首都南面的马拉盖天文台。受旭烈兀派遣而来中国。Mongol conquest of khwarazmien empire
In command of the more than 30 staff at Beijing’s Islamic observatory was Jamal Al Din, a renowned Persian astronomer. He oversaw the creation of a handbook that explained the methods of Islamic astronomy. This and other works by the Islamic scientists were later translated into the Chinese languages and studied by Beijing’s elite astronomers.
7 instruments. 《元史》天文誌、歷誌中記載 , 七種觀測天象的「西域儀象」
(1)咱秃哈刺吉 ,汉语叫“浑天仪”,以铜制成,刻以周天度,画以十二辰位,由内外几个环结合而成,可以旋转,透过窍洞,观测天象;
Dahtu al-halaq-I (Dhat al-Halaq)
means armillary sphere in Chinese
Dr Joseph Needham considers it as a parallactic sphere, and Chinese scholars consider it an ecliptic sphere, a classic instrument for astronomical observation in ancient Greece. altitude, azimuth?
(2)咱秃朔八台,汉语叫“方位仪”,基本结构是四周围以圆墙,东面开门入内,门内设一小台,台上立高七尺五寸铜表一根,上挂五尺五寸长的铜尺,再加上两根等长的像箫一样的窥管,下面置刻有度数的横尺,以准挂尺,可以左右高低旋转,测验周天星曜;
中外学者都倾向于认为即托勒密Ptolemy在《至大論》Almagest 中所说的“长尺”, Ptolemy's ruler , parallactic instrument or Triquetrum???雙股儀?
Dahtu' sh-shu 'batai (dhhât al-subatayn?)
means instrument for measuring celestial stars and
luminaries in Chinese. Both Chinese and foreign scholars tend to consider it
the parallactic instrument (Ptolemy's ruler or Triquetrum?) mentioned by Ptolemy in his work Almagest
(3)鲁哈麻亦渺凹只,汉语叫“斜纬仪”。建屋二间,屋脊留有东西向横缝,让阳光通过通向日晷。在屋内台上有南高北低的铜环一座,上刻有180度的刻度,中间斜插着一根尖头铜尺,往来运转,观测屋脊漏下的日影,以定春分、秋分的时刻;
Rukhamah-imu '-wajja (rukhamah means sundial)
a room for measuring the shadow cast by the
sun on the Spring Equinox and the Autumn Equinox in Chinese/ An instrument
for measuring the precise time of the Spring Equinox and the Autumn
Equinox, connected to an airtight room ( having a slot open on the ridge in the
due east-west direction) to form a whole
(4)鲁哈麻亦木思塔余,汉语叫“平纬仪”。建屋五间,屋内挖二丈二尺的深坑一个,屋脊南北向开一条缝,缝下设一墙壁,壁上悬挂长一丈六寸铜尺,并画有天度半规,往来运转铜尺,可以测定冬至、夏至的时刻;
Rukhamah-i-mustawiya (as-sa' at al-mustawiya or al-mu'tadila means equal hours or equinoctial hours)
means a room for measuring the shadow cast by the
sun on the Summer Solstice and the Winter Solstice in Chinese. An instrument
for measuring the precise times of Summer Solstice and the Winter
Solstice, connected to an airtight room ( having a slot on the ridge in the
due south-north direction), to form a whole
(5)苦来亦撒麻,汉语叫“天球仪”,即天文图象模型,它似浑天仪,但不能转动;
Kura-i-sama
means celestial globe in Chinese. There is no disagreement
among Chinese and foreign scholars, it is a cosmo-sphere found in China and
in the west as well
(6)苦来亦阿儿子,汉语叫“地球仪”。以木制为圆球,七分为水,其色绿,三分为土地,其色白。画江河湖海,脉络贯于其中,画作小方井,以计幅员广袤,道里之远近。海陆七三分,与今天的结论惊人地相符。札马鲁丁的地球仪是中国最早制作的地球仪;
Kura-i-ard
means geographic records in Chinese. That is a tellurion. There
no disagreement among Chinese and foreign scholars
(7)兀速都儿剌不(定),汉语叫“观象仪”,是测量 顯示read天體的时间刻度的仪器。(類似3D 的 slide rule)设一圆形铜镜,其上刻十二时辰和昼夜时刻,上有铜条一根,可以转动,铜条的两端向上弯曲,并在曲头各凿一小孔,通过小孔观测日月星辰,以定时刻。 astrolabe
al-Ustulab
means device for reading the hours of day and night in Chinese of celestial objects. A time reader, not a timer
Actually it is an astrolabe popular in Arab world and in Europe
鑒於大元帝國局勢已定,紮馬魯丁便倡議《大元大一統志》的測繪與編制工作,特別是地圖的繪製,改變了中國傳統畫法,即由裴秀所創的“製圖六體、計裏畫方”而應用伊斯蘭開羅學派所創地圖繪製的球面投射影法,並承襲巴格達學派“量天測地”的傳統。紮馬魯丁不單動用司天臺和秘書監力量並動員全國有關單位的廣泛協作。經過六年的奮鬥,終於完成七百五十五卷本的《大元大一統志》的龐大工作。這一工作不論是在學術上,還是在軍事上都是極重要的。
纳西尔丁·图西 Nasi al-Din al-Tusi 伊尔汗历
Euclid 幾何原本
據1273年(至元十年)回回司天台申報,有 「經書二百四十二部」,屬「本台見合用經書一百九十五部」。明朝建立後,這批西域天文書仍有「數百冊」被送交京師。
据元代王士点和高企翁的《元秘书监制》第七卷“回回书籍”中记载,“至元十年十月北司天台申本台合用文书”中有一部书名为《兀忽列的四擘算法段数十五部》。这是部什么书?今人进行多方研究,认为其就是欧几里德的《几何原本》。据研究,这里的“兀忽列的”就是“Euclid”,这里的“四擘”就是阿拉伯文“Hisad”——“算学”。
关于这部书是如何来的,今人研究认为,很可能是当时的波斯天文学家札马鲁丁从阿拉伯带来的。据史书记载,蒙哥皇帝(元世祖)曾命令旭烈兀在平定了木刺夷之后,速将当地著名天文学家納速拉丁图思(Nasir al-Din al-Tusi)送到元上都。但旭烈兀事后并未执行,而是派了札马鲁丁等人回来。1271年,蒙哥皇帝在元上都建成回回天文台,札马鲁丁被委任为提点(相当于台长),负责观测和计算。后来札马鲁丁还主持了《万年历》(回回历)的编写。札马鲁丁是当时元上都为数不多的既识阿拉伯文又懂天文历算的人之一,是最有学问的数学家,所以,这部《几何原本》应当是他从西方来的时候带来的。
这部《几何原本》在当时虽没有被翻译成中文,但据记载有不少人进行了学习。据《多桑蒙古史》记载:“成吉思汗系诸王以蒙哥皇帝较有学识,彼知解说Euclid氏之若干图示。”
书目中天文数学部分共13种著作,兹录如下:
1.兀忽列的《四擘算法段数》十五部。Euclid
2.罕里速窟《允解算法段目》三部。
3.撒唯那罕答昔牙《诸般算法段目并仪式》十七部。
4.麦者思的《造司天仪式》十五部。Ptolemy?
5.阿堪《诀断诸般灾福》□部。
6.蓝木立《占卜法度》□部。
7 麻塔合立《灾福正义》□部。
8.海牙剔《穷历法段数》七部。
9.呵些必牙《诸般算法》八部。
10.《积尺诸家历》四十八部。 伊本·優努斯 Ibn Yunus 的《哈克慕曆》al-Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi ?
11.速瓦里可瓦乞必《星纂》四部。
12.撒那的阿刺忒《造浑仪香漏》八部。
13.撒非那《诸般法度纂要》十二部。
Chinese-Uighur animal calendar during Mongol period
北宋初年,曾一度沿用五代時後周顯德三年(956)王朴修撰的《欽天曆》。《宋史》卷68《宋律·曆志》記載:“建隆二年(961)五月,以其推驗稍疏,乃詔司天少監王處訥等(包括馬依澤)創造曆法。四年(963)四月,新法成,賜號《應天曆》。”
馬依澤 (Mu'izz) 來自魯穆國, 應天曆是基於伊期蘭曆書
馬沙亦黑 Mashayihei, Shaikh Muhammad 原籍麥加西北的準帶(Jeddah吉達) 聚真堂马氏宗谱 1369來中國(經海路? Ibn Battuta?伊本 巴圖塔)
馬哈麻Mahama
馬哈沙Mahasha
馬德魯丁 Madeluding
Kushyar ibn Labban(mathematician)’s al-Madkhal ilā ṣinā‘at aḥkām al-nujūm (The book on the proof of judgment of the stars)
Al Battani instruments:
1. Astrolabe 2. Gnomon for precise observations 3.Sun clocks 4. An armillary sphere 5. Parallactic rulers 6. Mural quadrant 7. An alidade.
洪武十七年( 1384 年) “制钦天监观星盘”astrolabe
Reference:
Bukhara and Samarkand 布哈拉
方豪:《中西交通史》幾何原本 元朝傳入
A History of Chinese Science and Technology - Yongxiang Lu
Al Kasi's tabeq al manateq
Istanbul astronomical instruments provides a very relevant reference.
Persians and Arabic translations:
complete book of muslim and parsi names
From ancient India:
北宋 武經總要 (1041-1048)
薄樹人
孫小淳 连接文明的力量 丝绸之路上的天文与地理
古中國將阿巴斯王朝(Abbasid dynasty)稱之為"黑衣大食",而把拉赫曼(Abderramán I)建立的政權稱為"白衣大食",大食是波斯語Tazi或Taziks的譯音
Timeline of Islamic Empire interactive
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