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克己復禮

【原文】
顏淵問仁。子曰:「克己復禮(1)為仁。一日克己復禮,天下歸仁(2)焉。為仁由己(3),而由人乎哉?」顏淵曰:「請問其目(4)。」子曰:「非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動。」 顏淵曰:「回雖不敏,請事(5)斯語矣。」 (《論語・顏淵第十二》)

【注釋】
(1) 克己復禮:克制自己的私慾,使言行舉止合乎禮節。
(2) 歸仁:歸服仁德。
(3) 為仁由己:修行仁德是由自己支配的事,行不行全在於自己。
(4) 目:細目或條文。大綱之下是細目。
(5) 請事:請求指示如何做。意思是將按照指示去做。

【語譯】
顏淵問什麼是仁。孔子說:「克制自己的私慾,使言行舉止合乎禮節,這就是仁。哪一天人們能克己復禮,天下就能歸服仁德。修行仁德,是由自己支配的事,怎麼會由別人支配呢?」顏淵說:「請問仁的細目。」孔子說:「不合乎禮節的不要看,不合乎禮節的不要聽,不合乎禮節的不要說,不合乎禮節的不要做。」顏淵說:「我雖然不聰敏,會按照指示去做。」

【研析】
「非禮」和「禮節」、「放縱」和「規範」、「喜歡」和「應該」、「情感」和「義理」,從這些屬性的尺度,也可以體現一個人的心性修養和成熟度。要修行「仁」德,就不能光考慮自己了,不能隨著情感和喜歡而放縱私慾,必須從義理、規範等角度來看,要多為別人設想才能稱得上「仁」德。也就是要多克制自己的私慾,言行儘量符合禮節規範。

「仁」的禮節規範約束人的言行,但是孔子說的細目,除了「非禮勿言」、「非禮勿動」之外,還有「非禮勿視」、「非禮勿聽」,為何連看和聽都不行?這就是許多人容易忽視和想不通的。人對於外在訊息如果沒有識別能力、不懂得過濾,就容易被外來訊息污染,大腦就會裝滿不符合「禮」的思想,這樣的思想還會帶動「非禮」的言行。說白了,仁者就是要能本著善心,思想必須是善的,眼睛看的耳朵聽的當然也要善的。只有能分明善惡,能區分好壞,才能做到不隨波逐流,不受污染,從外在來看,就是能表現善的言行,也就是合乎禮的規範。

 “restrain oneself and restore rite” or "To subdue one's self and return to propriety" (克己復禮), i.e. abiding by the rites through personal moral cultivation and restraint.

Institute of Sino-Christian Studies

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